Logical Reasoning

SYLLOGISM Following are the main rules for solving Syllogism Problems Rule-1.All+All=All Rule-2.All+No=No Rule-3.All+Some=No Conclusion Rule-4.Some+All=Some Rule-5.Some+No= Some Not Rule-6.Some+Some= No Conclusion Rule-7.No +All = Some Not(Reversed) Rule-8.No+Some=Some Not (Reversed) Rule-9.No+No=No Conclusion Rule-10.Some Not /Some Not Reversed +Anything = No Conclusion If u want to convert any conclusion in Possibility Rule-11.If - All A are B then we can say - Some B are Not A is a Possibility Rule-12.If - Some B are Not A then we can say - All A are B is a Possibility Rule-13.If - Some A are B then we can say - All A are B is a Possibility All B are A is a Possibility Rule-14.All �Some Not Reversed Rule-15.Some => All Rule-16.NO Conclusion = Any Possibility is true Implications (In case of Conclusion from Single Statement) All =>  Some  - that means if All A ...

  Combinations  Here, the elements in some groups are to be combined, as per the given conditions. In the following example, the groups are of (a) Men, (b) Professions and (c) Musical  Instruments. As per the conditions, these are mixed and matched. Example: i.Five gentlemen (Mr. Ajay, Mr. Bijay, Mr. Vinay, Mr Sanjay and Mr. Akshay) are practising five different professions (Engineering, Medical, Law, Chartered Accountancy and Architecture). Each one can play only one of the five different instruments: Tabla, Violin, Sarod, Sitar and Flute. ii.Mr Ajay is a Doctor and can play Sarod. iii.The Sitarist is not an Engineer. iv.Mr Vinay and Mr Bijay are not Architects and Vinay cannot play Tabla. v.Mr Bijay can play Violin. vi.Mr Akshay is a Lawyer and can play Flute. Which instrument does Mr. Vinay play? AND  What is the profession of Mr. Bijay? Solution: Let us represent the three groups in a table. By taking the group of gent...

"SEATING ARRANGEMENT  Introduction: In these kinds of problems, some people are sitting in a row or around a table in a desired formation. The conditions provide clues towards the actual arrangement and you have to make use of these clues to reach to the final arrangement. Questions like seating arrangements are so easy to solve, we only needs to concentration and shortcut tricks to crack it. lets see the types of seating arrangement questions. there are main two types of seating arrangement which is generally asked in bank and competitive exams. Row seating arrangements and Circular seating arrangement." "A. Row seating arrangements Shortcut and Tricks of row seating / sitting arrangements Now here is the points to be remember in row seating / sitting arrangements. STEP 1 - Find and Draw a line of direction. (North, South, East, West) STEP 2 - Note down right side and left side in the top of the line which you drawn STEP 3 - Arrange the seats. Exampl...

DIRECTION SENSE TEST   In this test, the questions consist of a sort of direction puzzle. A successive follow-up of direction is formulated and the candidate is required to ascertain the final direction or the distance between two points. The test is meant to  judge the candidate's ability to trace, follow and sense the direction correctly. The figure shows the four main directions (North N, South S, East E, West W) and the four cardinals (North east NE, North west NW, South east SE, South west SW) to help the candidates know the directions.  Example - Deepak starts walking straight towards east. After walking 75 m he turns to the left and walks 25 m straight. Again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 40m straight, again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 25 m. How far is he from the starting point? (1) 140 m   (2) 35 m   (3) 115 m   (4) 25 m   (5) None of these Solu...

"ALPHABET TEST In this type of questions, certain words will be given. The candidate is required to put them in the order in which they would be arranged in a dictionary and then state the word which is placed in the desired place. For such questions, the candidate requires a basic knowledge of the 'Dictionary Usage'. In a dictionary, the words are put in alphabetical order. The words beginning with a particular letter are again arranged in alphabetical order with respect to the second letter of the word and so on. Example - Arrange the given words in alphabetical order and pick the one that comes first. (1) Cloud (2) Middle (3) Grunt (4) Mob (5) Chain These words can be properly arranged as Chain, Cloud, Grunt, Middle, Mob. Clearly the first word is Chain. Hence the answer is (5) Example - In the word 'PARADISE', how many pairs of letters are there which have as many letters between them in the word as in the alphabet. (1) One (2) Three (3) Four (4) Two...

"NUMBER SERIES In this category of questions, generally a long series of numbers is given. The candidate is required to find out how many times a number satisfying the condition specified in the question will occur. Example - How many 9's are there in the following number sequence which are immediately preceded by 5 but not immediately followed by 3 ? 3 9 5 9 4 5 9 3 7 9 8 5 9 9 8 7 9 5 1 9 6 5 9 4 3 9 5 9 3 8 (1) One  (2) Two   (3) Three   (4) Four   (5) More than four The numbers satisfying the given conditions can be shown as follows (Given in BOLD). 3  9  5  9  4  5  9  3  7  9  8  5  9  9  8  7  9  5  1  9  6  5  9  4  3  9  5  9  3  8 So, the answer is (3) Ranking Test: In this, generally the ranks of a person both from the top and from the bottom will be mentioned and the total number o...

"PUZZLE TEST This section comprises of questions put in the form of puzzles involving a certain number of items, be it persons or things. The candidate is required to analyse the given information, condense it in a suitable form and answer the  questions asked. Example- Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: There are five friends - Shailendra, Keshav, Madhav, Ashish and Rakesh. Shailendra is shorter than Keshav but  taller than Rakesh. Madhav is the tallest. Ashish is a little shorter than Keshav and a little taller than Shailendra. 1. Who is the shortest? (1) Rakesh (2) Shailendra (3) Ashish (4) Keshav (5) None of these 2. If they stand in the order of their heights, who will be in the middle? (1) Keshav (2) Rakesh (3) Shailendra (4) Ashish (5) None of these 3. If they stand in the order of increasing heights, who will be the second? (1) Ashish (2) Shailendra (3) Rakesh (4) Keshav (5) None of these 4. Who is the secon...

"MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS This section deals with questions on simple mathematical operations. Here, the four fundamental operations - addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and also statements such as 'less than', 'greater than', 'equal to', 'not equal to' etc. are represented by symbols different from the usual ones. The questions involving these operations are set using artificial symbols. The candidate has to substitute the real signs and solve the questions accordingly, to get the answer. Example - If  + means ÷ ,  - means x ,  ÷ means + ,  and  x means - , then 48 + 12 ÷ 15 x 2 - 5 = ? (1) 8    (2) 18    (3) 9    (4) 3    (5) None of these Ans: Putting the proper signs in the given expression, we get 48 ÷ 12 + 15 - 2 x 5 = 4 + 15 - 10 = 9 Hence the answer is (3)"

"BLOOD RELATIONSHIP In this test, the success of a candidate depends upon the knowledge of the blood relations, some of which are summarized below to help you solve these tests. Mother's or father's son   - Brother Mother's or father's daughter   - Sister Mother's or father's brother  - Uncle Mother's or father's sister     - Aunt Mother's or father's mother  - Grandmother Mother's or father's father    - Grandfather Son's wife  - Daughter-in-law Daughter's husband      - Son-in-law Husband's or wife's brother    - Brother-in-law Sister's or brother's son  - Nephew Brother's or Sister's daughter  - Niece Uncle's or aunt's son or daughter     - Cousin Sister's husband   - Brother-in-law Brother's wife    - Sister-in-law Example - Introducing a girl, Santhosh said, 'Her mother is the only daughter of my mother-in-law'. How is Santhosh relate...

ANALOGY  Introduction Analogy means 'correspondence'. In the questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided. Analogy tools are therefore meant to test one's ability to reason - how far you are able to compare and comprehend the relationship that exists between two objects, things or figures." A.  SIMPLE ANALOGY Analogy means 'correspondence'. In the questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided. Analogy tools are therefore meant to test one's ability to reason - how far you are able to compare and comprehend the relationship that exists between two objects, things or figures. Verbal analogy measures the ability to understand the relationship between two given words or group of  letters, presented in abbreviated form. See the following example. ...

ODD-MAN OUT Introduction "ODD-MAN OUT Introduction Classification means to assort the items of a given group on the basis of certain common qualities or characteristics they possess and to spot the stranger. These types of questions are based on similar relationship that exists between the things, objects, words or letters. In this test, generally, you will be given a group of five items, out of which four are similar to one another in some way and the fifth is different. The candidate is required to choose the item which does not fit into the given group." A.Word classification A.Word classification: In this type similar groups are found among the names, places, things, nouns, verbs, different sexes, races or any other matter out of which four things are similar and one is not. B. Alphabet classification B. Alphabet classification: Here some groups of letters are formed according to a pattern and one of them is different. C. Number classification ...

Series Completion Introduction "Series Completion Introduction This section deals with questions in which series of numbers or letters are given. The term follows a certain pattern throughout. The candidate is required to recognise this pattern either to complete the given series with the most suitable alternative or to find the wrong term in the series." A. NUMBER SERIES "A. NUMBER SERIES - Example-1- Which number would replace the question mark (?) in the series 2, 7, 14, 23, ?, 47 (1) 28 (2) 34 (3) 31 (4) 38 (5) None Ans: The given sequence is +5, +7, +9, ____ , ie. 2+ 5 = 7, 7 + 7 = 14, 14 + 9 = 23 Missing Number = 23 + 11 = 34. Example -2- Find the wrong number in the series- 7, 28, 63, 124, 215, 342 (1) 7 (2) 28 (3) 124 (4) 215 (5) None Ans: The correct sequence is 23- 1, 33 - 1, 43 - 1, ...etc. Here 28 is wrong; so the answer is (2)" B.  ALPHABET SERIES "B. ALPHABET SERIES - Alphabet series consists of letters of the alphabe...

Coding - Decoding Introduction "CODING - DECODING A code is a system of signals. Therefore, coding  is a method of transmitting messages between the sender and receiver without a third person understanding it.The Coding and Decoding test is set up to judge the candidate's ability to decipher the law that codes a particular message and break the code to reveal the message. Following Table will help you code-decode - A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5 F-6 G-7 H-8 I-9 J-10 K-11 L-12 M-13 N-14 O-15 P-16 Q-17 R-18 S-19 T-20 U-21 V-22 W-23 X-24 Y-25 Z-26 Z-1 Y-2 X-3 W-4 V-5 U-6 T-7 S-8 R-9 Q-10 P-11 O-12 N-13 M-14 L-15 K-16 J-17 I-18 H-19 G-20 F-21 E-22 D-23 C-24 B-25 A-26" A.Letter Coding "A.LETTER CODING - A particular letter stands for another letter in letter coding. Example - If COURSE is coded as FRXUVH, how is RACE coded in that code? (1) HFDU (2) UCFH (3) UDFH (4) UDHF (5) UDFG In the given code, each letter i...